Cardboard is a generic non-specific term for a heavy duty paper based product.
Paperboard is a paper-based material. It is often used for folding cartons, set-up boxes, carded packaging, etc.
Corrugated fiberboard is a combination of paperboards, usually two flat pieces of paper and one inner intestined corrugated medium. It is often used for making corrugated boxes for shipping products.
Various types of cards are available. Some are made from heavy paper stock, which may be called "cardboard."