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On March 31, 1854, the Convention of Kanagawa (日米和親条約 Nichibei Washin Jōyaku?) or Kanagawa Treaty (神奈川条約 Kanagawa Jōyaku?) was concluded between Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the U.S. Navy and the Empire of Japan. The treaty opened the Japanese ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to United States trade, guaranteed the safety of shipwrecked U.S. sailors and established a permanent consul. This was an unequal treaty imposed on Japan by the superior strength of Perry's fleet. However, the arrival of the fleet would trigger the end of Japan's 300 year policy of seclusion (Sakoku).[1]
Perry initially refused to deal with Japanese officials and demanded to speak with the Japanese Head of State. At the time, Shogun Tokugawa Ieyoshi was the de-facto ruler of Japan; for the Emperor to interact in any way with foreigners was out of the question. In the end Perry concluded the treaty with representatives of the Shogun and not the Emperor. This treaty also caused a civil war that started in 1860. It was later resolved in 1867 with the return of power to the emperor.
The Kanagawa treaty was followed by the United States-Japan Treaty of Amity and Commerce, the "Harris Treaty" of 1858, which allowed the establishment of foreign concessions, extra-territoriality for foreigners, and minimal import taxes for foreign goods.
Similar treaties were subsequently negotiated by the Russians, the French, and the British.
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The Convention was negotiated and was then signed in a purpose-built house in Yokohama, Japan.
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