Cook Islands Maori

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Cook Islands Maori test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

The Cook Islands Maori language, also called Māori Kūki 'Āirani or Rarotongan, is the official language of the Cook Islands. Most Cook Islanders also call it Te reo Ipukarea, literally "the language of the Ancestral Homeland".

Cook Islands Maori became an official language of the Cook Islands in 2003 ^[1]. According to Te Reo Maori Act, Maori:

• (a) means the Maori language (including its various dialects) as spoken or written in any island of the Cook Islands; and
• (b) Is deemed to include Pukapukan as spoken or written in Pukapuka; and
• (c) Includes Maori that conforms to the national standard for Maori approved by Kopapa Reo; (see external link).

These dialects^[2] of the Cook Islands Maori are :

• Rakahanga-Manihiki dialect;
• Tongareva dialect (Penrhyn)^[3];
• the Ngaputoru dialects of Atiu, Mitiaro and Mauke;
• Aitutaki dialect;
• Rarotonga dialect; and
• Mangaia dialect.

It is closely related to Tahitian and New Zealand Māori, and there is a degree of mutual intelligibility with these two languages.

The language is regulated by the kopapa reo created in 2003.

The Pukapukan language is considered by scholars as a distinct language closely related with Samoan and the language spoken on the three atolls of Tokelau.

[edit] Writing system and pronunciation

There is a debate about the standardization of the writing system. Although the usage of the macron (־) te makaroni, and the glottal (') (/ʔ/) is recommended, most speakers do not use these two diacritics in everyday writing.

[edit] Consonants

1. Present only in Manihiki
2. Present only in Penrhyn
3. Present only in Manihiki and Penrhyn

[edit] Vowels

[edit] Grammar

As with most South Pacific languages, classical descriptions are generally based on the system used for Indo-European languages, especially concerning grammatical classes. Today linguists try to avoid it, considering it a form of Eurocentrism, even if any such description is adequate. Most of these examples are taken from Cook Islands Maori Dictionary, by Jasper Buse with Raututi Taringa edited by Bruce Biggs and Rangi Moeka'a, Auckland, 1995.

[edit] Personal pronouns

Singular

• Au : I, me

• Koe : you

• 'Aia : he, she

Dual

• Tāua : we two, us two (you and I)

• Māua : we two, us two (he/she and I)

• Kōrua : you two

• Rāua : they, them (the two of them)

Plural

• Tātou : We, us (you -2 or more- and I)

• Mātou : we, us (they and I)

• Kōtou : (all of you)

• Rātou : they, them (more than two)

[edit] Aspect markers

• Tē… nei : present continuous

Tē manako nei au i te 'oki ki te 'are : I am thinking of going back to the house; Tē kata nei rātou : They are laughing; Kāre au e tanu nei i te pia : I'm not planting any arrowroot;

• Kia : Mildly imperative or exhortatory, expressing a desire, a wish rather than a strong command.

Kia vave mai !: be quick ! (don't be long!); Kia viviki mai!  : be quick (don't dawdle!); Kia manuia !  : good luck! ; Kia rave ana koe i tēnā 'anga'anga  : would you do that job; Kia tae mai ki te anga'anga ā te pōpongi Mōnitē : come to work on Monday morning; Teia te tātāpaka, kia kai koe : Here's the breadfruit pudding, eat up.

• 'ē : Imperative, order

'ē 'eke koe ki raro : you get down; 'ē tū ki kō : stand over there

• 'Auraka : interdiction, don't

'Auraka rava koe e 'āmiri i teia niuniu ora, ka 'uti'uti 'ia koe : Don't on any account touch this live wire, you'll get a shock

• kāre : indicate the negation, not, nothing, nowhere

Kāre nō te ua : It 'll not rain; Kāre a Tī tuatua : Tī doesn't have anything to say

• e… ana : habitual action or state

E 'aere ana koe ki te 'ura : Do you go to the dance?: E no'o ana 'aia ki Nikao i tē reira tuātau : he used to live in Nikao at that time

• Ka : Refers prospectively to the commencement of an action or state. Often translatable by and English future tense or "going to" construction

Ka 'īmene 'a Mere ākonei ite pō : Mary is going to sing later on tonight; Kua kite au ē ka riri a Tere : I know (or knew) that Tere will (or would) be angry

• Kua : translatable by an English simple past or a present tense (with adjectives)

Kua kite mai koe ia mātou : You saw us; Kua meitaki koe ? : Are you better now? Kua oti te tārekareka : the match is over now

[edit] Possessives

Like most Polynesian languages (Tahitian, New Zealand Māori, Hawaiian, Samoan, …), Cook Islands Maori has two categories of possessives, the ā and ō.

Generally the ā category is used when the possessor has, or had, control of the relationship, is superior or dominant to what is owned or when the possession is considered as alienable. The ō category is used when the possessor has, or had, no control over the relationship, is subordinate or inferior to what is owned or when the possession is considered as inalienable.

The following list indicates the types of things in the different categories

• ā is used in speaking of

- Movable property, instruments,

- Food and drink,

- Husband, wife, children, girlfriend, boyfriend,

- Animals and pets,

- People in an inferior position

Te puaka ā tērā vaine : the pig belonging to that woman; ā Tere tamariki : Tere's children; Kāre ā Tupe mā ika i napō : Tupe and the rest didn't get any fish last night

Tāku ; Tā'au ; Tāna ; Tā tāua ; Tā māua…. : my, mine ; your, yours ; his, her, hers, our ours…

Ko tāku vaine teia : This is my wife; Ko tāna tāne tera : That's her husband; Tā kotou 'apinga : your possession(s); Tā Tare 'apinga : Tera possession(s);

• ō is used in speaking of

- Parts of anything

- Feelings

- Buildings and transport

- Clothes

- Parents or other relatives (not husband, wife, children…)

- Superiors

Te 'are ō Tere : The house belonging to Tere; ō Tere pare : Tere's hat; Kāre ō Tina no'o anga e no'o ei : Tina hasn't got anywhere to sit;

Tōku ; Tō'ou ; Tōna ; Tō tāua ; Tō māua…: my, mine  ; your, yours ; his, her, hers ; our, ours …

Ko tōku 'are teia : This is my house; I tōku manako, kā tika tāna : In my opinion, he'll be right; Teia tōku, tērā tō'ou : This is mine here, that's yours over there

[edit] Vocabulary

Pia : Polynesian arrowroot

Kata : laugh at; laughter; kata 'āviri : ridicule, jeer, mock

Tanu : to plant, cultivate land

'anga'anga : work, job

Pōpongi : morning

Tātāpaka : a kind of breadfruit pudding

'ura : dance, to dance

Tuātau : time, period, season ; ē tuātau 'ua atu : forever

'īmene : to sing, song

Riri : be angry with (ki)

Tārekareka : entertain, amuse, match, game, play game

[edit] Dialectology

Although most words of the various dialects of Cook Islands Maori are identical, there are some variations [to be completed]

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Since 1915, English had been the only official language of the Cook Islands
2. ^ In a sense of mutual intelligibility
3. ^ Tongarevan is sometimes also considered as a distinct language.

[edit] See also

Cook Islands Maori test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

[edit] External links

• Te akataka reo Rarotonga; or, Rarotongan and English grammar by the Rev Aaron Buzacott of the London Missionary Society, Rarotonga. 1854. Old grammar in english and Rarotongan
• "Tuatua mai!" Learn Cook Islands Maori
• Te Reo Maori Act 2003
• SBS Cook Islands Maori Radio Program. Updated each week
• http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/dictionaries.asp
• http://www.cookislandsmaori.com/ Online version of Jasper Buse and Raututi Taringa Dictionary
• Cook Islands Ministry of Cultural Development
• Te Reo Māori Kūki 'Āirani i roto i te Kurakarāma o Aotearoa (Cook Islands Maori in the New Zealand Curriculum)
• Ethnologue on the languages of the Cook Islands
• Collected songs and legends from the southern Cook Islands (c. 1883-1912) at the New Zealand Electronic Text Centre

[edit] Dictionaries, learning methods and books in Cook Islands Maori

• Cook Islands Maori Dictionary, by Jasper Buse with Raututi Taringa, edited by Bruce Biggs and Rangi Moeka'a, Auckland, 1995.
• A dictionary of the Maori Language of Rarotonga, Manuscript by Stephen Savage, Suva : IPS, USP in association with the of Education of the Cook Islands, 1983.
• Kai Korero : Cook Islands Maori Language Coursebook, Tai Carpentier and Clive Beaumont, Pasifika Press, 1995. (A useful learning Method with oral skills cassette)
• Cook Islands Cook Book by Taiora Matenga-Smith. Published by the Institute of Pacific Studies.
• Maori Lessons for the Cook Islands, by Taira Rere. Wellington, Islands Educational Division, Department of Education, 1960.
• Conversational Maori, Rarotongan Language, by Taira Rere. Rarotonga, Government Printer. 1961.
• Some Maori Lessons, by Taira Rere. Rarotonga. Curriculum Production Unit, Department of Education. 1976.
• More Maori Lessons, by Taira Rere. Suva, University of the South Pacific.1976
• Maori Spelling: Notes for Teachers, by Taira Rere. Rarotonga: Curriculum Production Unit, Education Department.1977.
• Traditions and Some Words of the Language of Danger or Pukapuka Island. Journal of the Polynesian Society 13:173-176.1904.
• Collection of Articles on Rarotonga Language, by Jasper Buse. London: University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies. 1963.
• Manihikian Traditional Narratives: In English and Manihikian: Stories of the Cook Islands (Na fakahiti o Manihiki). Papatoetoe, New Zealand: Te Ropu Kahurangi.1988
• Te korero o Aitutaki, na te Are Korero o Aitutaki, Ministry of Culutral Development, Rarotonga, Cook Islands. 1992
• Atiu nui Maruarua : E au tua ta'ito, Vainerere Tangatapoto et al. University of South Pacific, Suva 1984. (in Maori and English)
• Learning Rarotonga Maori, by Tongi Maki'uti, Ministry of Cultural Development, Rarotonga 1999.
• Te uri Reo Maori (translating in Maori), by Tongi Maki'uti Punanga o te reo. 1996.
• Atiu, e enua e tona iti tangata, te au tata tuatua Ngatupuna Kautai...(et al.), Suva, University of the South Pacific.1993. (Maori translation of Atiu : an island Community)
• A vocabulary of the Mangaian language by Christian, F. W. 1924. Bernice P. Bishop Bulletin 2. Honolulu, Bernice P. Bishop Museum.
• E au tuatua ta'ito no Manihiki, Kauraka Kauraka, IPS, USP, Suva. 1987.

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