A folk taxonomy is a vernacular naming system, and can be contrasted with scientific taxonomy. Folk biological classification is the way rural or indigenous peoples make sense of and organize their natural surroundings/the world around them, typically making generous use of form taxa like "shrubs", "bugs", "ducks", "ungulates" and the likes. Astrology is a folk taxonomy, while astronomy uses a scientific classification system, although both involve observations of the stars and celestial bodies and both terms seem equally scientific, with the former meaning "the teachings about the stars" and the latter "the rules about the stars".[citation needed]
Folk taxonomies are generated from social knowledge and are used in everyday speech. They are distinguished from scientific taxonomies that claim to be disembedded from social relations and thus objective and universal.
Anthropologists have observed that taxonomies are generally embedded in local cultural and social systems, and serve various social functions. Perhaps the most well-known and influential study of folk taxonomies is Émile Durkheim's The Elementary Forms of Religious Life.
Folk taxonomies exist to allow popular identification of classes of objects, and apply to all areas of human activity. All parts of the world have their own systems of naming local plants and animals. These naming systems are a vital aid to survival and include information such as the fruiting patterns of trees and the habits of large mammals. These localised naming systems are folk taxonomies. Theophrastus recorded evidence of a Greek folk taxonomy for plants, but later formalized botanical taxonomies were laid out in the 18th century by Carolus Linnaeus.
Critics of the concept of "race" in humans argue that race is a folk taxonomy rather than a scientific classification.[citation needed]
Folk taxonomies are sometimes disparaging called "fauxonomies" (from French faux, "false") for their lack of agreement with scientific findings. Scientists generally recognize that folk taxonomies have no understanding of evolutionary relationships and give undue weight to conspicuous rather than informative traits. Regardless, folk taxonomies are an important source of information as their analysis can reveal knowledge about organisms that has hitherto not been subject to scientific study, and even can provide novel insight in the actual evolutionary relationships between taxa.