Isotopes of nickel

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Naturally occurring nickel (Ni) is composed of 5 stable isotopes; ⁵⁸Ni, ⁶⁰Ni, ⁶¹Ni, ⁶²Ni and ⁶⁴Ni with ⁵⁸Ni being the most abundant (68.077% natural abundance). 18 radioisotopes have been characterised with the most stable being ⁵⁹Ni with a half-life of 76,000 years, ⁶³Ni with a half-life of 100.1 years, and ⁵⁶Ni with a half-life of 6.077 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 60 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 30 seconds. This element also has 1 meta state.

Nickel-56 is produced in large quantities in type Ia supernovae and the shape of the light curve of these supernovae corresponds to the decay of nickel-56 to cobalt-56 and then to iron-56.

Nickel-59 is a long-lived cosmogenic radionuclide with a half-life of 76,000 years. ⁵⁹Ni has found many applications in isotope geology. ⁵⁹Ni has been used to date the terrestrial age of meteorites and to determine abundances of extraterrestrial dust in ice and sediment. Nickel-60 is the daughter product of the extinct radionuclide ⁶⁰Fe (half-life = 1.5 Myr). Because the extinct radionuclide ⁶⁰Fe had such a long half-life, its persistence in materials in the solar system at high enough concentrations may have generated observable variations in the isotopic composition of ⁶⁰Ni. Therefore, the abundance of ⁶⁰Ni present in extraterrestrial material may provide insight into the origin of the solar system and its early history/very early history.

Nickel-62 has the highest binding energy per nucleon of any isotope for any element, when including the electron shell in the calculation. More energy is released forming this isotope than any other, although fusion can form heavier isotopes. For instance 2 Ca-40's can fuse to a Kr-80 plus 4 electrons liberating 77 KeV per nucleon, but reactions leading to the Iron/Nickel region are more probable as they release more energy per baryon.

Nickel-48, discovered in 1999, is the most proton-rich nickel isotope known . With 28 protons and 20 neutrons ⁴⁸Ni is "doubly magic" (like ²⁰⁸Pb) and therefore unusually stable ^[1].

The isotopes of nickel range in atomic weight from 48 u (48-Ni) to 78 u (78-Ni). Nickel-78's half-life was recently measured to be 110 milliseconds and is believed to be an important isotope involved in supernova nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than iron. [1]
Standard atomic mass: 58.6934(2) u

1 Table
- 1.1 Notes
2 References
3 See also

[edit] Table

nuclide symbol	Z(p)	N(n)	isotopic mass (u)	half-life	nuclear spin	representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)	range of natural variation (mole fraction)
nuclide symbol	excitation energy			half-life	nuclear spin	representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)	range of natural variation (mole fraction)
⁴⁸Ni	28	20	48.01975(54)#	10# ms [>500 ns]	0+
⁴⁹Ni	28	21	49.00966(43)#	13(4) ms [12(+5-3) ms]	7/2-#
⁵⁰Ni	28	22	49.99593(28)#	9.1(18) ms	0+
⁵¹Ni	28	23	50.98772(28)#	30# ms [>200 ns]	7/2-#
⁵²Ni	28	24	51.97568(9)#	38(5) ms	0+
⁵³Ni	28	25	52.96847(17)#	45(15) ms	(7/2-)#
⁵⁴Ni	28	26	53.95791(5)	104(7) ms	0+
⁵⁵Ni	28	27	54.951330(12)	204.7(17) ms	7/2-
⁵⁶Ni	28	28	55.942132(12)	6.075(10) d	0+
⁵⁷Ni	28	29	56.9397935(19)	35.60(6) h	3/2-
⁵⁸Ni	28	30	57.9353429(7)	STABLE [>700E+18 a]	0+	0.680769(89)
⁵⁹Ni	28	31	58.9343467(7)	7.6(5)E+4 a	3/2-
⁶⁰Ni	28	32	59.9307864(7)	STABLE	0+	0.262231(77)
⁶¹Ni	28	33	60.9310560(7)	STABLE	3/2-	0.011399(6)
⁶²Ni	28	34	61.9283451(6)	STABLE	0+	0.036345(17)
⁶³Ni	28	35	62.9296694(6)	100.1(20) a	1/2-
^63mNi	87.15(11) keV			1.67(3) µs	5/2-
⁶⁴Ni	28	36	63.9279660(7)	STABLE	0+	0.009256(9)
⁶⁵Ni	28	37	64.9300843(7)	2.5172(3) h	5/2-
^65mNi	63.37(5) keV			69(3) µs	1/2-
⁶⁶Ni	28	38	65.9291393(15)	54.6(3) h	0+
⁶⁷Ni	28	39	66.931569(3)	21(1) s	1/2-
^67mNi	1007(3) keV			13.3(2) µs	9/2+
⁶⁸Ni	28	40	67.931869(3)	29(2) s	0+
^68m1Ni	1770.0(10) keV			276(65) ns	0+
^68m2Ni	2849.1(3) keV			860(50) µs	5-
⁶⁹Ni	28	41	68.935610(4)	11.5(3) s	9/2+
^69m1Ni	321(2) keV			3.5(4) s	(1/2-)
^69m2Ni	2701(10) keV			439(3) ns	(17/2-)
⁷⁰Ni	28	42	69.93650(37)	6.0(3) s	0+
^70mNi	2860(2) keV			232(1) ns	8+
⁷¹Ni	28	43	70.94074(40)	2.56(3) s	1/2-#
⁷²Ni	28	44	71.94209(47)	1.57(5) s	0+
⁷³Ni	28	45	72.94647(32)#	0.84(3) s	(9/2+)
⁷⁴Ni	28	46	73.94807(43)#	0.68(18) s	0+
⁷⁵Ni	28	47	74.95287(43)#	0.6(2) s	(7/2+)#
⁷⁶Ni	28	48	75.95533(97)#	470(390) ms [0.24(+55-24) s]	0+
⁷⁷Ni	28	49	76.96055(54)#	300# ms [>300 ns]	9/2+#
⁷⁸Ni	28	50	77.96318(118)#	120# ms [>300 ns]	0+

[edit] Notes

Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.

[edit] References

^ W., P. (October 23, 1999). "Twice-magic metal makes its debut - isotope of nickel". Science News. Retrieved on 2006-09-29.

Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and Atomic Weights Revised (2005).
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
- Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties, Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
- National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database (retrieved Sept. 2005).
- David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.

[edit] See also

Nickel-62

Isotopes of cobalt	Isotopes of nickel	Isotopes of copper
Index to isotope pages · Table of nuclides

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