Proteolysis

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Proteolysis is the directed degradation (digestion) of proteins by cellular enzymes called proteases or by intramolecular digestion.

1 Purposes
2 Examples
3 Venoms
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

[edit] Purposes

Proteolysis is used by the cell for several purposes. They include:

Removal of N-terminal methionine residues after translation.
Removal of the signal sequence of peptides after their transport through a membrane
Separation of viral proteins that were translated from a polycistronic mRNA
Digestion of proteins from foods as a source of amino acids
Conversion of predecessor-proteins (proenzymes, zymogens, prehormones) into their final structures.
Degradation of cyclins at different stages of the cell cycle.

Proteolysis is also used in research and diagnostic applications:

In-gel digestion of proteins after separation by gel electrophoresis for the identification by mass spectrometry.
Digestion of proteins in solution for proteome analysis by LC-MS.

[edit] Examples

Examples of serine proteases include:

[edit] Venoms

Certain venoms, such as those produced by venomous snakes, can also cause proteolysis. These venoms are, in fact, highly-evolved digestive fluids that begin their work outside of the body. Proteolytic venoms cause a wide range of toxic effects^[1], including effects that are:

cytotoxic (cell-destroying)
hemotoxic (blood-destroying)
myotoxic (muscle-destroying)
hemorrhagic (bleeding)

[edit] See also

[edit] References

^ Hayes WK. 2005. Research on Biological Roles and Variation of Snake Venoms. Loma Linda University.

[edit] External links

Proteolysis at eMedicine Dictionary
Proteolysis MAP from Center on Proteolytic Pathways

v • d • e Protein primary structure and posttranslational modifications

General	Protein biosynthesis \| Peptide bond \| Proteolysis \| Racemization \| N-O acyl shift

N terminus	Acetylation \| Formylation \| Pyroglutamate \| Methylation \| Glycation \| Myristoylation (Gly) \| carbamylation

C terminus	Amidation \| Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) \| O-methylation \| Glypiation \| Ubiquitination \| Sumoylation

Lysine	Methylation \| Acetylation \| Acylation \| Hydroxylation \| Ubiquitination \| SUMOylation \| Desmosine \| ADP-ribosylation \| Deamination and Oxidation to aldehyde

Cysteine	Disulfide bond \| Prenylation \| Palmitoylation

Serine/Threonine	Phosphorylation \| Glycosylation \| Methylidene-imidazolone (MIO) formation

Tyrosine	Phosphorylation \| Sulfation \| Porphyrin ring linkage \| Flavin linkage \| p-Hydroxybenzylidene-imidazolone formation \| Lysine tyrosyl quinone (LTQ) formation \| Topaquinone (TPQ) formation

Asparagine	Deamidation \| Glycosylation

Aspartate	Succinimide formation

Glutamine	Transglutamination

Glutamate	Carboxylation \| Methylation \| Polyglutamylation \| Polyglycylation

Arginine	Citrullination \| Methylation

Proline	Hydroxylation

←Amino acids Secondary structure→

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