Isotopes of xenon

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Naturally occurring xenon (Xe) is made of nine stable isotopes. (¹²⁴Xe, ¹³⁴Xe and ¹³⁶Xe are predicted to undergo double beta decay, but this has never been observed, so they are considered to be stable.)^[1]^[2] Xenon has the second highest number of stable isotopes. Only tin, with 10 stable isotopes, has more.^[3] Beyond these stable forms, there are over 40 unstable isotopes that have been studied. ¹²⁹Xe is produced by beta decay of ¹²⁹I (half-life: 16 million years); ^131mXe, ¹³³Xe, ^133mXe, and ¹³⁵Xe are some of the fission products of both ²³⁵U and ²³⁹Pu, and therefore used as indicators of nuclear explosions.

The artificial isotope ¹³⁵Xe is of considerable significance in the operation of nuclear fission reactors. ¹³⁵Xe has a huge cross section for thermal neutrons, 2.65x10⁶ barns, so it acts as a neutron absorber or "poison" that can slow or stop the chain reaction after a period of operation. This was discovered in the earliest nuclear reactors built by the American Manhattan Project for plutonium production. Fortunately the designers had made provisions in the design to increase the reactor's reactivity (the number of neutrons per fission that go on to fission other atoms of nuclear fuel).

Relatively high concentrations of radioactive xenon isotopes are also found emanating from nuclear reactors due to the release of this fission gas from cracked fuel rods or fissioning of uranium in cooling water. The concentrations of these isotopes are still usually low compared to naturally occurring radioactive noble gases such as ²²²Rn.

Because xenon is a tracer for two parent isotopes, Xe isotope ratios in meteorites are a powerful tool for studying the formation of the solar system. The I-Xe method of dating gives the time elapsed between nucleosynthesis and the condensation of a solid object from the solar nebula. Xenon isotopes are also a powerful tool for understanding terrestrial differentiation. Excess ¹²⁹Xe found in carbon dioxide well gases from New Mexico was believed to be from the decay of mantle-derived gases soon after Earth's formation.^[4]
Standard atomic mass: 131.293(6) u

[edit] Table

nuclide symbol	Z(p)	N(n)	isotopic mass (u)	half-life	nuclear spin	representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)	range of natural variation (mole fraction)
nuclide symbol	excitation energy			half-life	nuclear spin	representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)	range of natural variation (mole fraction)
¹¹⁰Xe	54	56	109.94428(14)	310(190) ms [105(+35-25) ms]	0+
¹¹¹Xe	54	57	110.94160(33)#	740(200) ms	5/2+#
¹¹²Xe	54	58	111.93562(11)	2.7(8) s	0+
¹¹³Xe	54	59	112.93334(9)	2.74(8) s	(5/2+)#
¹¹⁴Xe	54	60	113.927980(12)	10.0(4) s	0+
¹¹⁵Xe	54	61	114.926294(13)	18(4) s	(5/2+)
¹¹⁶Xe	54	62	115.921581(14)	59(2) s	0+
¹¹⁷Xe	54	63	116.920359(11)	61(2) s	5/2(+)
¹¹⁸Xe	54	64	117.916179(11)	3.8(9) min	0+
¹¹⁹Xe	54	65	118.915411(11)	5.8(3) min	5/2(+)
¹²⁰Xe	54	66	119.911784(13)	40(1) min	0+
¹²¹Xe	54	67	120.911462(12)	40.1(20) min	(5/2+)
¹²²Xe	54	68	121.908368(12)	20.1(1) h	0+
¹²³Xe	54	69	122.908482(10)	2.08(2) h	1/2+
^123mXe	185.18(22) keV			5.49(26) µs	7/2(-)
¹²⁴Xe	54	70	123.905893(2)	STABLE [>48E+15 a]	0+	0.000952(3)
¹²⁵Xe	54	71	124.9063955(20)	16.9(2) h	1/2(+)
^125m1Xe	252.60(14) keV			56.9(9) s	9/2(-)
^125m2Xe	295.86(15) keV			0.14(3) µs	7/2(+)
¹²⁶Xe	54	72	125.904274(7)	STABLE	0+	0.000890(2)
¹²⁷Xe	54	73	126.905184(4)	36.345(3) d	1/2+
^127mXe	297.10(8) keV			69.2(9) s	9/2-
¹²⁸Xe	54	74	127.9035313(15)	STABLE	0+	0.019102(8)
¹²⁹Xe	54	75	128.9047794(8)	STABLE	1/2+	0.264006(82)
^129mXe	236.14(3) keV			8.88(2) d	11/2-
¹³⁰Xe	54	76	129.9035080(8)	STABLE	0+	0.040710(13)
¹³¹Xe	54	77	130.9050824(10)	STABLE	3/2+	0.212324(30)
^131mXe	163.930(8) keV			11.934(21) d	11/2-
¹³²Xe	54	78	131.9041535(10)	STABLE	0+	0.269086(33)
^132mXe	2752.27(17) keV			8.39(11) ms	(10+)
¹³³Xe	54	79	132.9059107(26)	5.2475(5) d	3/2+
^133mXe	233.221(18) keV			2.19(1) d	11/2-
¹³⁴Xe	54	80	133.9053945(9)	STABLE [>11E+15 a]	0+	0.104357(21)
^134m1Xe	1965.5(5) keV			290(17) ms	7-
^134m2Xe	3025.2(15) keV			5(1) µs	(10+)
¹³⁵Xe	54	81	134.907227(5)	9.14(2) h	3/2+
^135mXe	526.551(13) keV			15.29(5) min	11/2-
¹³⁶Xe	54	82	135.907219(8)	STABLE [>10E+21 a]	0+	0.088573(44)
^136mXe	1891.703(14) keV			2.95(9) µs	6+
¹³⁷Xe	54	83	136.911562(8)	3.818(13) min	7/2-
¹³⁸Xe	54	84	137.91395(5)	14.08(8) min	0+
¹³⁹Xe	54	85	138.918793(22)	39.68(14) s	3/2-
¹⁴⁰Xe	54	86	139.92164(7)	13.60(10) s	0+
¹⁴¹Xe	54	87	140.92665(10)	1.73(1) s	5/2(-#)
¹⁴²Xe	54	88	141.92971(11)	1.22(2) s	0+
¹⁴³Xe	54	89	142.93511(21)#	0.511(6) s	5/2-
¹⁴⁴Xe	54	90	143.93851(32)#	0.388(7) s	0+
¹⁴⁵Xe	54	91	144.94407(32)#	188(4) ms	(3/2-)#
¹⁴⁶Xe	54	92	145.94775(43)#	146(6) ms	0+
¹⁴⁷Xe	54	93	146.95356(43)#	130(80) ms [0.10(+10-5) s]	3/2-#

[edit] Notes

The isotopic composition refers to that in air.
Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.
Commercially available materials may have been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations from the given mass and composition can occur.
Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.

[edit] References

^ Status of ßß-decay in Xenon, Roland Lüscher, accessed on line September 17, 2007.
^ Average (Recommended) Half-Life Values for Two-Neutrino Double-Beta Decay, A. S. Barabash, Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 52, #4 (April 2002), pp. 567–573.
^ Rajam, J. B. (1960). Atomic Physics, 7th edition, Delhi: S. Chand and Co.. ISBN 812191809X.
^ Boulos, M.S.; Manuel, O.K. (1971). "The xenon record of extinct radioactivities in the Earth.". Science 174: 1334–1336.

Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and Atomic Weights Revised (2005).
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
- Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties, Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
- National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database (retrieved Sept. 2005).
- David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.

Isotopes of iodine	Isotopes of xenon	Isotopes of caesium
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